Getting Started With Hand Planes: Basics And Techniques

In this article, you will learn the basics of using hand planes and some helpful techniques to get started. We will explore the different types of hand planes and their purposes, as well as the essential components and how to maintain them. You will also discover step-by-step instructions for using a hand plane effectively, including proper grip and posture, as well as tips for achieving smooth and precise finishes. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to refine your woodworking skills, this article will provide you with the knowledge and guidance to get started with hand planes.

Table of Contents

Choosing the right hand plane

Understanding the different types of hand planes

When it comes to woodworking, there are various tools you can use to shape, smooth, and flatten wood surfaces. One such tool is the hand plane, which has been used for centuries. Hand planes come in different types, each designed for specific tasks.

Here are a few common types of hand planes:

Block Plane: This is a small, versatile plane that is ideal for trimming end grain, chamfering edges, and fine-tuning joints. It has a low angle blade and is commonly used for smaller projects or for touch-ups on larger projects.
Jack Plane: The jack plane is a general-purpose plane used for removing material quickly and efficiently. It’s typically used for rough shaping, leveling surfaces, and removing mill marks. The jack plane is a good choice if you’re starting with only one hand plane.
Smoothing Plane: As the name suggests, the smoothing plane is used for creating smooth and flat surfaces. It has a short sole and a higher cutting angle, which makes it ideal for finishing touches and removing small imperfections.
Jointer Plane: The jointer plane, also known as the try plane, is used for straightening and flattening longer boards. It has a long sole and is designed to remove high spots and create a level surface.

Determining the appropriate hand plane for your project

Choosing the right hand plane for your project depends on a few factors, such as the type of wood you’re working with and the desired outcome. Here are a few considerations to keep in mind:

Wood type: Different types of wood have different characteristics, such as hardness and grain pattern. For softer woods, a low angle plane like the block plane may be more suitable, while harder woods may require a higher angle plane for effective cutting.
Project size: If you’re working on smaller projects or intricate details, a smaller plane like the block plane may be more maneuverable and easier to control. For larger projects or larger surfaces, a jack plane or jointer plane would be more efficient.
Surface finish: If you’re aiming for a smooth and flawless finish, a smoothing plane would be your best bet. However, if you’re going for a rustic or rough-hewn look, a jack plane or jointer plane may be more appropriate.
Budget: Hand planes come in a range of prices, depending on the brand, quality, and type. Consider your budget and choose a hand plane that offers the best value for your needs.

Once you’ve determined the type of hand plane you need for your project, it’s time to set it up.

Setting up your hand plane

Inspecting the blade and sole for damage

Before using your hand plane, it’s important to inspect the blade and sole for any damage or wear. A sharp and properly tuned blade is essential for achieving clean and precise cuts. Here’s what you should do:

Blade inspection: Check the blade for any nicks, chips, or dull edges. If you notice any imperfections, you’ll need to sharpen or replace the blade. A sharp blade will make your woodworking tasks much easier and produce better results.
Sole inspection: Examine the sole of the plane for any dents, scratches, or rough spots. These imperfections can affect the plane’s ability to glide smoothly over the wood surface. If necessary, you can use sandpaper or a file to remove any high spots or blemishes.

Adjusting the blade for proper cutting

Once you’ve inspected the blade and sole, you’ll need to adjust the blade for the desired depth of cut. This adjustment is crucial for achieving clean and efficient cuts. Follow these steps:

Lateral adjustment: Ensure that the blade is centered in the plane’s mouth. You can use a small hammer or a lateral adjustment lever to move the blade laterally until it’s aligned.
Depth adjustment: Adjust the depth of cut by loosening the knurled nut or lever that holds the blade in place. Move the blade forward or backward to increase or decrease the depth of cut. Start with a shallow cut and gradually increase the depth until you achieve the desired result.

Checking and adjusting the plane’s mouth opening

The mouth opening of a hand plane refers to the gap between the blade and the front of the plane. The size of the mouth opening affects the type of cut you can achieve.

Narrow mouth opening: A narrow mouth opening is ideal for fine cuts and end grain. It helps prevent tear-out and produces clean results. To narrow the mouth opening, you can tap the front of the plane or adjust the lateral adjustment lever.
Wide mouth opening: A wider mouth opening is suitable for rough cuts and removing larger amounts of material. However, it may result in more tear-out and a rougher finish. To widen the mouth opening, you can tap the back of the plane or adjust the lateral adjustment lever.

Setting the depth of cut

After adjusting the blade and mouth opening, it’s important to set the depth of cut correctly. The depth of cut determines how much material the plane removes with each pass.

Shallow cut: To create a shallow cut, retract the blade so that it barely protrudes from the sole of the plane. This is useful for delicate or precision work, where you want to remove only a small amount of material.
Deep cut: For heavier material removal or rough shaping, adjust the blade to protrude further from the sole. However, be cautious not to set the depth too deep, as it can result in tear-out or uneven cuts.

Remember to make test cuts on scrap wood to ensure that you have the depth of cut set correctly before working on your actual project.

Using a hand plane

Holding the hand plane correctly

One of the most important aspects of using a hand plane is holding it correctly. Proper hand placement ensures control and accuracy. Follow these guidelines:

Dominant hand: Hold the rear handle of the plane with your dominant hand, placing your thumb on top of the handle for stability.
Supporting hand: Rest your other hand on the front of the plane, applying downward pressure to hold the plane firmly against the wood surface.
Body position: Stand or position yourself in a stable and comfortable position, allowing for smooth and controlled movements.

Applying consistent pressure

Consistent pressure is crucial for achieving even and smooth cuts with a hand plane. Here’s what you should keep in mind:

Pressure distribution: Apply equal pressure on both handles of the plane to maintain stability and even cutting.
Avoid excessive pressure: While it’s important to apply enough pressure to keep the plane engaged with the wood, avoid using excessive force. Too much pressure can result in uneven cuts, tear-out, or damage to the wood surface.

Maintaining the right angle

Maintaining the proper angle while using a hand plane is essential for achieving the desired result. Here are a few tips:

Body position: Stand or position yourself so that you can maintain a comfortable and consistent angle while planing. Keep your body and arms relaxed to prevent fatigue.
Reference surface: When planing, rest the rear of the plane’s sole on the wood surface and use it as a reference for maintaining the correct angle throughout the stroke.

Working with the wood grain

Understanding the grain direction of the wood you’re working with is crucial for achieving clean and tear-free cuts. Here are a few guidelines:

Observe the grain: Examine the wood and identify the direction in which the grain is running. This will help you determine the most effective planing direction.
With the grain: To minimize tear-out and achieve smooth cuts, plane with the grain as much as possible. This means moving the hand plane in the same direction as the grain.
Against the grain: In some cases, planing against the grain may be necessary. However, be cautious, as this can result in tear-out and a rougher finish. Take shallow passes and use a higher cutting angle to minimize tear-out.

Removing mill marks and imperfections

One of the primary uses of a hand plane is to remove mill marks, machine marks, and other imperfections from wood surfaces. Here’s how to do it effectively:

Identify the marks: Inspect the wood surface and identify the areas with mill marks or imperfections.
Work diagonally: Start by planing diagonally across the grain to remove the marks. This helps prevent tear-out and allows you to work more efficiently.
Finish with the grain: Once the majority of the marks have been removed, switch to planing with the grain to achieve a smoother and more refined finish.

Creating smooth and flat surfaces

Hand planes are excellent tools for creating smooth and flat surfaces on your woodworking projects. Follow these steps to achieve the desired result:

Multiple passes: Start with light passes, gradually increasing the pressure and depth of cut to achieve the desired result. It’s better to make multiple passes rather than taking off too much material at once.
Equal pressure: Apply equal pressure on both handles of the plane to maintain an even cut across the entire surface. This helps prevent unevenness and keeps the plane level.
Inspect and adjust: Regularly inspect the surface for any high spots, low spots, or imperfections. Make adjustments as necessary to ensure a smooth and level finish.

Hand plane techniques

Squaring edges and ends of a board

When working on woodworking projects, it’s often necessary to square the edges and ends of boards to achieve precise and tight-fitting joints. Here’s how to do it using a hand plane:

Mark the line: Use a marking gauge or pencil to mark the desired width or length on the board.
Position the plane: Hold the plane firmly and place the toe on the surface of the wood, angled slightly downward. Position the plane so that the blade is in line with the marked line.
Plane the edge or end: Apply firm and consistent pressure as you plane along the edge or end of the board. Make sure to keep the plane level and aligned with the marked line.
Check for squareness: After planing, use a square or another flat and straight edge to check the squareness of the edge or end. Make any minor adjustments if necessary.

Jointing and flattening wide boards

Wide boards often require jointing and flattening to create a seamless and even surface. Here’s how you can achieve this using a hand plane:

Identify high spots: Inspect the surface of the board and identify any high spots or areas that are not level. These areas will need to be planed down to achieve flatness.
Jointing: Start by planing along the length of the board, taking light passes to remove the high spots. Make sure to maintain an even pressure and consistent angle.
Flattening: After jointing, switch to planing across the width of the board to flatten the surface. Again, take light passes and pay attention to maintaining an even pressure.
Check for flatness: Regularly check the surface for flatness using a straightedge or another flat reference surface. Continue planing until the entire surface is flat and even.

Creating rabbets and grooves

Hand planes are versatile tools that can also be used to create rabbets and grooves in woodworking projects. Here’s how to do it effectively:

Mark the desired dimensions: Use a marking gauge or pencil to mark the width, depth, and location of the rabbet or groove on the wood surface.
Position the plane: Hold the plane with one hand and position the toe against the wood surface, angled slightly downward. Align the blade with the marked line.
Make shallow passes: Take shallow passes with the hand plane, gradually increasing the depth of cut. It’s better to make multiple passes rather than trying to remove too much material at once.
Check for depth and fit: Regularly check the depth and fit of the rabbet or groove using a chisel or another fitting tool. Make any necessary adjustments to achieve the desired dimensions.

Shaping and smoothing curved surfaces

Hand planes can also be used for shaping and smoothing curved surfaces in woodworking projects. Although curved surfaces pose a unique challenge, the following tips can help you achieve the desired result:

Choose the right plane: Depending on the curve and the type of wood, you may need a specialized plane such as a spokeshave or curved-bottom plane. These planes have a curved sole that allows them to conform to the shape of the wood.
Work in stages: When shaping curved surfaces, it’s often best to work in stages. Start by removing material with a more aggressive blade setting and gradually work towards a finer finish.
Follow the curve: Keep in mind the direction and shape of the curve as you plane. Make sure to maintain consistent pressure and follow the natural flow of the wood grain for a smooth result.

Planing end grain

Planing end grain can be challenging, as it tends to be more fibrous and prone to tear-out. However, with the right technique, you can achieve clean and smooth cuts. Here’s how:

Set a higher cutting angle: Adjust the cutting angle of the blade to a higher setting, usually around 30 to 35 degrees. A higher angle helps reduce tear-out and produces cleaner cuts.
Take light passes: When planing end grain, it’s important to take light passes, especially at the beginning. Gradually increase the depth of cut as you become more comfortable and the tear-out is minimized.
Consider a shooting board: A shooting board is a handy accessory that provides support and stability when planing end grain. It helps to ensure a straight and square cut.

Sharpening and maintaining the blade

A sharp blade is essential for achieving clean and efficient cuts with a hand plane. Regular sharpening and maintenance will keep your blade in optimal condition. Here’s how to do it:

Start with a flat surface: Before sharpening, make sure your sharpening stone or abrasive surface is flat and even. This will ensure a consistent and accurate sharpening process.
Sharpen the bevel: Hold the blade at the correct angle and move it in a circular motion against the sharpening stone. Start with a coarse grit and work your way up to a finer grit to achieve a sharp edge.
Hone the back: After sharpening the bevel, hone the back of the blade by moving it back and forth on the sharpening stone. This helps remove any burrs or irregularities and ensures a clean and sharp edge.
Regular maintenance: Regularly inspect the blade for any chips, nicks, or dullness. Sharpen as necessary and perform minor adjustments to keep the blade in optimal condition.

Avoiding common hand plane mistakes

Applying too much pressure

One common mistake when using a hand plane is applying too much pressure. Using excessive force can result in uneven cuts, tear-out, and damage to the wood surface. Remember to use controlled and consistent pressure throughout the planing process.

Not maintaining a consistent angle

Maintaining a consistent angle while planing is crucial for achieving the desired result. Inconsistent angle adjustments can lead to uneven surfaces and irregular cuts. Pay attention to your body position and practice planing at a consistent angle.

Ignoring safety precautions

Safety should always be a top priority when using hand tools, including hand planes. Ignoring safety precautions can lead to accidents and injuries. Always wear appropriate safety gear, such as safety goggles and gloves, and follow safety guidelines for your specific woodworking tasks.

Allowing the plane to become dull

A dull blade is ineffective and can result in poor cutting performance. Neglecting to sharpen and maintain the blade regularly can lead to frustration and subpar results. Make it a habit to sharpen the blade when necessary and perform minor maintenance regularly.

Troubleshooting hand plane issues

Dealing with tear-out

Tear-out is a common issue when planing certain types of wood or working against the grain. However, there are a few techniques you can try to minimize tear-out:

Adjust the cutting angle: Increase the cutting angle of the blade to reduce tear-out. This can help sever the wood fibers cleanly, rather than tearing them.
Change the direction: Try planing in a different direction, either with the grain or at a different angle. Experiment with different approaches to find the one that minimizes tear-out.
Use a backer board: If tear-out continues to be a problem, try using a sacrificial piece of wood as a backer board. This can help support the wood fibers and reduce tear-out.

Fixing chatter marks

Chatter marks are unwanted ridges or vibrations that can occur during planing. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including a dull blade, improper blade adjustment, or an uneven sole. Here’s how to fix them:

Sharpen the blade: A dull blade can cause vibrations and chatter marks. Make sure your blade is sharp and properly honed.
Adjust the blade: Check the lateral adjustment and make sure the blade is centered in the mouth. Also, double-check the blade’s depth adjustment to ensure it’s set correctly.
Check the sole: Inspect the sole of the plane for any high spots, rough areas, or unevenness. Use sandpaper or a file to remove any imperfections and make the sole as flat as possible.

Resolving blade alignment problems

Blade misalignment can result in uneven or skewed cuts. Here’s how to address blade alignment problems:

Lateral adjustment: Use a small hammer or a lateral adjustment lever to adjust the blade laterally until it’s centered in the mouth. This will ensure even cutting across the entire width of the blade.
Tighten the blade: Make sure the blade is firmly secured in place, without any looseness or play. Check and adjust the blade tensioning mechanism, if necessary.
Inspect the bedding: Inspect the bedding of the blade and make sure it’s snug and flat against the plane body. Any gaps or unevenness can affect blade alignment.

Hand plane accessories

Using a shooting board

A shooting board is a useful accessory that helps improve precision and accuracy when planing. It provides a stable and controlled surface for planing and is particularly useful for planing end grain or achieving straight and square cuts. To use a shooting board, place your workpiece against the board’s fence and push the hand plane along the board’s surface.

Adding a fence for precision planing

A fence is another accessory that can improve the accuracy and consistency of your planing. A fence is usually a straight edge that you can attach or clamp to your workpiece to guide the hand plane. It helps ensure that your cuts are straight and square, particularly when planing edges or creating rabbets and grooves.

Using a plane stop for repetitive cuts

A plane stop is a simple yet effective accessory that can make repetitive planing tasks easier and more efficient. It is essentially a block or stopper that you can clamp onto your workbench. It acts as a resting point for your workpiece, allowing you to plane multiple pieces to the same length without continually measuring and marking.

Caring for your hand plane

Cleaning and oiling the plane

Regular cleaning and oiling will help prolong the life of your hand plane and keep it working smoothly. To clean your hand plane, wipe off any dust or debris with a soft cloth or brush. Use a mild detergent or wood cleaner for stubborn dirt or grime. After cleaning, apply a thin coat of oil or wax to the metal parts to prevent rust and ensure smooth operation.

Storing the plane properly

Proper storage is essential to protect your hand plane from damage and maintain its performance. When not in use, store your hand plane in a dry and clean environment. Consider using a plane sock or a protective case to prevent dust, moisture, and accidental knocks.

Preventing rust

Rust can severely affect the performance and longevity of your hand plane. To prevent rust, keep your hand plane dry and avoid exposure to moisture. If your hand plane does get wet, make sure to dry it thoroughly before storing. Applying a thin coat of oil regularly will also help prevent rust.

Safety considerations

Wearing appropriate safety gear

Safety should always be a priority when working with any hand tool, including hand planes. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes from flying debris, and use gloves to protect your hands. Consider wearing hearing protection if you’ll be using the hand plane for extended periods.

Using the hand plane in a stable position

Working with a hand plane in an unstable position can result in accidents or poor cutting control. Make sure to work on a stable workbench or surface that won’t move or wobble during use. Consider using clamps or a woodworking vise to secure the workpiece firmly in place.

Avoiding contact with the blade

The blade of a hand plane is extremely sharp and can cause serious injuries if mishandled. Always be aware of the blade’s position and keep your hands and fingers away from the cutting edge. Use caution when adjusting the blade or performing maintenance, and never leave the plane unattended with the blade exposed.

Securing the workpiece

To prevent accidents or unexpected movement, make sure to secure the workpiece properly before planing. Use clamps, a woodworking vise, or a bench dog to hold the workpiece firmly in place. This will prevent the piece from shifting or slipping during planing, ensuring safe and accurate cuts.

Conclusion

Hand planes are versatile tools that can greatly enhance your woodworking projects. From shaping and smoothing surfaces to creating precise joints, hand planes offer a level of control and precision that is difficult to achieve with power tools alone.

By understanding the different types of hand planes and learning how to set up and use them properly, you can take your woodworking skills to the next level. Remember to choose the right hand plane for your project, set it up correctly, and apply the appropriate techniques to achieve the desired results.

Lastly, don’t be afraid to practice and experiment with your hand planes. Like any skill, using a hand plane effectively takes time and experience. With practice and a friendly tone of voice, you’ll soon discover the true versatility and joy of working with hand planes in woodworking. So grab your hand plane and start creating beautifully smooth and precise woodworking projects today!